UK business audit process

Audit Process for UK Business Owners | Thresholds, Stages & Cost

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If you run a limited company and someone has mentioned the word “audit”, this guide tells you what it actually involves, whether you need one, what it costs, and how to get through it without losing a fortnight. It is written for business owners, not auditors, and it reflects the UK rules that changed on 6 April 2025.

What is a company audit?

A company audit is an independent examination of your financial statements by a registered auditor, who then gives a written opinion on whether those statements show a “true and fair view” of the business. In the UK, this is called a statutory audit, because it is required by the Companies Act 2006 for companies above a certain size.

An audit is not a check of every invoice. The auditor plans their work around risk, tests samples of transactions and balances, examines the systems that produce your numbers, and forms an opinion. The output is the auditor’s report, which sits inside your annual accounts and is filed at Companies House alongside them.

The auditor is working for your shareholders, not for you as a director. That distinction matters: their job is to give an independent view, which is exactly why lenders, investors and buyers place weight on it.

Does my company need an audit?

Most UK small companies do not. For financial years beginning on or after 6 April 2025, a private limited company is exempt from a statutory audit if it meets at least two of these three tests:

  • Annual turnover of £15 million or less
  • Balance sheet total (gross assets) of £7.5 million or less
  • An average of 50 or fewer employees

These are the “small company” limits set by the Companies (Accounts and Reports) (Amendment and Transitional Provision) Regulations 2024. They replaced the previous figures of £10.2 million turnover and £5.1 million balance sheet, which had stood since 2016. The employee limit did not change.

Three details catch people out:

  1. The two-year rule. You do not lose exemption the first year you cross the limits. A company only changes size category when it exceeds two of the three tests for two consecutive financial years. Equally, a company that has been having audits does not become exempt until it has met the small-company tests for two consecutive years.
  2. The thresholds depend on when your financial year started. A company with a year running 1 January to 31 December 2025 is still measured against the old limits, because that year began before 6 April 2025. The new limits first apply to the year beginning 1 January 2026. A company with a 31 March year end gets the new limits from the year ending 31 March 2026.
  3. Some companies need an audit regardless of size. You cannot use the small-company exemption if the company is:
  • A public limited company (PLC)
  • A bank, insurer, e-money issuer or certain other FCA-regulated firms
  • Part of a group that, taken as a whole, is not small (the tests are applied to the group, not just your company)
  • Required to have an audit by its own articles of association
  • Asked to have one by shareholders holding 10% or more of the shares, by written notice at least one month before the year end

If you use the exemption, your balance sheet must carry a statement confirming the company was entitled to it. Your accountant will include this.

Worked example: three Manchester companies

Company A — a precision engineering firm in Trafford Park. Turnover £11 million, balance sheet total £6 million, 38 employees. Under the old limits it exceeded both turnover (£10.2m) and balance sheet (£5.1m), so it needed an audit. Under the new limits it meets all three tests. Once it has met them for two consecutive years, it can claim exemption and stop having a statutory audit.

Company B — a logistics business in Salford. Turnover £16 million, balance sheet total £7 million, 45 employees. It exceeds the turnover limit but meets the other two. Because it only needs to pass two of three, it still qualifies as small and is exempt.

Company C — a growing software company in the city centre. Turnover £16 million, balance sheet total £8 million, 45 employees. It exceeds two of the three tests. If it does so for two consecutive years, it becomes a medium-sized company and a statutory audit is required.

The lesson from Company C: if you are close to two of the limits, plan for it. An audit takes weeks, not days, and your first one is always the hardest.

The five stages of an audit process

An audit follows a set path. Knowing what happens at each stage — and what the auditor will ask you for — removes most of the stress.

1. Planning

The auditor gets to know your business, your industry, your systems and where the risks sit. They set a materiality level (the size of error that would matter to a reader of the accounts) and decide which areas need the most attention. Expect a planning meeting and a list of information requests, usually a few weeks before the year end or shortly after it.

What they’ll ask for: last year’s accounts, management accounts, an organisation chart, a description of how sales, purchases and payroll are processed, and details of any unusual events during the year.

2. Fieldwork

This is the main body of the audit. The auditor tests transactions and balances: confirming bank balances directly with your bank, sampling sales invoices back to contracts and cash received, checking that stock exists and is valued correctly, agreeing fixed assets to invoices, and reviewing debtors for anything unlikely to be paid. 

For a single-entity company with turnover between £1 million and £15 million, fieldwork typically takes five to fifteen working days, on site or remotely.

What they’ll ask for: bank statements, sales and purchase ledgers, aged debtor and creditor lists, fixed asset register, stock records, payroll reports, VAT returns, loan agreements, leases and board minutes.

3. Analysis and evaluation

The auditor pulls the evidence together, reviews the accounting judgements you have made (depreciation rates, bad debt provisions, revenue recognition, going concern), and decides whether any adjustments are needed. This is where most discussion happens between you and the audit team.

4. Reporting

The auditor issues their report. There are four possible opinions:

  • Unmodified (clean) — the accounts give a true and fair view. This is what almost every well-run company receives.
  • Qualified — the accounts are fine except for one specific matter, which the report describes.
  • Adverse — the accounts are materially misstated. Rare and serious.
  • Disclaimer — the auditor could not get enough evidence to form an opinion at all.

Alongside the formal report, most auditors provide a management letter setting out weaknesses they noticed in your controls and how to fix them. This is often the most useful document the audit produces.

5. Follow-up

You act on the management letter, the accounts are approved by the board and filed at Companies House (within nine months of the year end for a private company), and the auditor carries the findings forward into next year’s planning. Fix the points raised; the same weaknesses appearing two years running does not look good.

Total elapsed time: usually eight to twelve weeks from planning to signed report, driven mostly by how quickly you provide information.

What types of audit are there?

The word “audit” covers several different things. The one most business owners mean is the statutory financial audit, but it helps to know the others.

Four types of audit compared: statutory audit (mandatory above thresholds, for shareholders and lenders), internal audit (voluntary, in-house, for management), compliance audit (rules-based, for regulators and funders), performance audit (efficiency-focused, for owners planning a change).

  • Statutory (financial) audit. The Companies Act audit of your annual accounts by a registered auditor, described above. Mandatory above the size thresholds.
  • Internal audit. A review carried out by people inside the business (or an outsourced team reporting to management) to test whether controls and processes are working. It is not independent in the statutory sense and does not produce an opinion for Companies House, but it is invaluable for catching problems early. Larger companies run an internal audit function; smaller ones often do a lighter version through their finance manager or external accountant.
  • Compliance audit. Checks whether the business is following specific laws, regulations or contract terms — for example a grant audit, a pension scheme audit, or a check on FCA conduct rules.
  • Performance (or operational) audit. Looks at whether a process is efficient and effective rather than whether the numbers are right. Useful before a sale, an expansion, or a systems change.

Internal vs external audit — the real difference

The difference is independence. An external auditor is a registered firm with no employment relationship with the company, and their opinion carries legal weight. An internal auditor works for management, focuses on whichever areas management chooses, and their findings are for internal use.

Internal audit is cheaper and faster and can be pointed at any weak spot. Its limitation is exactly that closeness: it cannot give outsiders the assurance that an independent opinion gives. Most growing companies benefit from both — internal checks through the year, external audit at the year end.

Who can carry out an audit in the UK?

Only a registered auditor can sign a statutory audit report in the UK. This is a firm (or individual) registered with one of the Recognised Supervisory Bodies — the ICAEW, ACCA, ICAS or Chartered Accountants Ireland — and subject to their inspection regime. The report is signed by a named Senior Statutory Auditor on behalf of the firm.

This matters because the term “accountant” is not protected. Many excellent accountancy practices do not hold audit registration, because most of their clients are exempt and the registration involves significant regulatory cost. 

If your accountant is not a registered auditor, they can prepare your accounts and tax returns as normal, but a separate registered firm will need to carry out the audit. The two often work together, and a well-organised accountant makes the auditor’s job — and your fee — smaller.

When choosing an auditor, ask: Are you audit-registered, and with which body? Who will be the Senior Statutory Auditor on my engagement? Have you audited businesses in my sector? What is included in the fee, and what triggers extra charges?

How to prepare for your first audit?

The single biggest factor in how long an audit takes, and what it costs, is how ready you are. A checklist:

Before the year end

  • Agree the timetable and information list with the auditor.
  • Reconcile every bank account and clear old unreconciled items.
  • Chase old debtors and decide which balances need a provision.
  • Count stock at the year end (the auditor may want to attend).
  • Make sure fixed asset additions and disposals are recorded, with invoices filed.
  • Get loan statements, lease agreements and any legal correspondence together.

After the year end

  • Produce a full trial balance and draft accounts as early as you can.
  • Prepare schedules that support each significant balance: debtors, creditors, accruals, prepayments, fixed assets, stock.
  • Have the board minutes and shareholder register up to date.
  • Nominate one person as the auditor’s point of contact.

During the audit

  • Answer requests promptly. Every day of delay is a day of fee.
  • Keep a shared log of outstanding items.
  • Be open about judgement calls. Auditors deal far better with a clearly explained estimate than with one they have to reverse-engineer.

A company that walks in with reconciled ledgers, supporting schedules and a named contact will typically have a shorter, cheaper and calmer audit than one that hands over a shoebox.

What are internal controls?

Internal controls are the processes a company puts in place to make sure its financial information is accurate, its assets are protected, and its people follow the rules. Auditors test them because strong controls mean the numbers can be trusted, which reduces the amount of detailed testing they need to do.

The framework almost every auditor uses (COSO) describes five components. In a small business they look like this:

The five components of internal control (COSO) applied to a small business: control environment, risk assessment, control activities, information and communication, and monitoring. Principle: no single person should raise, approve, pay and record a transaction alone.

Good controls are not about bureaucracy. In a small company they often come down to one principle: no single person should be able to raise, approve, pay and record a transaction on their own.

Should I have an audit even if I’m exempt?

Sometimes, yes. A voluntary audit is worth considering if:

  • A lender or investor wants one. Bank covenants, private equity investors and grant bodies often require audited accounts whatever the company’s size.
  • You are planning to sell the business. Buyers pay more, and negotiate less, for numbers that have been independently verified for the last two or three years.
  • You have external shareholders who are not involved day to day. An audit gives them comfort and reduces disputes.
  • You want to tighten up. The management letter from a first audit frequently identifies weaknesses the owner never knew existed.
  • You are close to the thresholds. Starting a year early means your first mandatory audit is not also your first ever audit.

If none of these apply, the money is often better spent on stronger management accounts and a good accountant.

How much does an audit cost?

For a straightforward single-entity UK company with turnover between £1 million and £15 million, statutory audit fees in 2026 typically fall between £6,000 and £12,000 plus VAT.

Group structures, regulated sectors and overseas operations move that towards £15,000 to £35,000. Fees across the profession have risen since 2024 as regulatory inspection has tightened.

MH Services audits for small and medium-sized companies in Greater Manchester start from £1,000 plus VAT.

Four things drive the price:

  • Turnover and transaction volume — more transactions, more testing.
  • Complexity — group companies, foreign currency, stock, long-term contracts and revenue recognition judgements all add work.
  • Sector — regulated or specialised sectors need auditors with the right expertise.
  • Your preparation — a clean, reconciled set of records can knock days off the fieldwork.

Get the fee basis in writing, including what counts as “additional work” and how it will be charged.

Frequently asked questions

WHAT IS THE AUDIT THRESHOLD IN THE UK FOR 2026? 

A private company is exempt from audit if it meets at least two of: turnover of £15 million or less, balance sheet total of £7.5 million or less, and 50 or fewer employees. These apply to financial years beginning on or after 6 April 2025.

HOW LONG DOES A COMPANY AUDIT TAKE? 

Usually eight to twelve weeks from planning to signed report for a small or medium company, with five to fifteen days of fieldwork. Well-prepared companies sit at the shorter end.

CAN MY ACCOUNTANT DO MY AUDIT? 

Only if they are a registered auditor. Many accountancy practices are not, in which case a separate registered firm carries out the audit while your accountant continues to prepare the accounts.

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AN AUDIT AND A REVIEW? 

An audit gives a positive opinion that the accounts show a true and fair view, based on detailed testing. A review is a lighter, limited-assurance engagement that only reports whether anything came to the accountant’s attention suggesting a problem. Reviews are cheaper but carry much less weight.

WHAT HAPPENS IF MY COMPANY NEEDS AN AUDIT AND DOESN’T HAVE ONE? 

The accounts will not be compliant with the Companies Act. Companies House can reject them, the directors can face penalties, and lenders or shareholders may have grounds to challenge the accounts. If you think you may have crossed the thresholds, speak to an auditor early.

DO I NEED AN AUDIT IF MY COMPANY IS DORMANT? 

No. Dormant companies are exempt from audit provided they meet the dormancy conditions and file dormant accounts.

IS AN AUDIT THE SAME AS AN HMRC INVESTIGATION?

No. An audit is an independent review of your accounts for shareholders. An HMRC enquiry is a tax authority checking your tax return. They are separate processes, though good records help with both.

Life Interest Trust

Life Interest Trust: Why They Matter More in 2026

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Quick answer: A life interest trust lets you pass on assets — most commonly the family home — while a spouse, partner, or other chosen person keeps the right to use them for their lifetime.

It’s one of the most common tools we discuss with clients doing estate planning, and in 2026 it’s become more relevant, not less: the nil-rate band has been frozen since 2009 and won’t move until at least April 2031, which means more ordinary estates are being pulled into inheritance tax purely because property and investment values have risen while the tax-free threshold hasn’t.

This guide covers how a life interest trust actually works, who the key people are, the real advantages and disadvantages, and what’s changed for 2026 that most articles on this topic haven’t caught up with yet.

What is a Life Interest Trust?

A life interest trust (sometimes called an interest in possession trust) is set up so that one person — the life tenant — has the right to use and benefit from the trust assets during their lifetime, without owning them outright. Most commonly this is a surviving spouse or civil partner, and the asset is usually the family home.

When the life tenant dies, the assets pass to the people named in the trust as the ultimate beneficiaries — the remaindermen. These are typically the children of the person who set up the trust, though they can be any beneficiaries the settlor chooses.

There are two important distinctions:

  1. The life tenant is not automatically the trustee. The trustees are the people who legally control and administer the trust; the life tenant simply has the right to benefit from it. A surviving spouse can be both, but doesn’t have to be.
  2. The life tenant generally cannot sell the trust property or give it away without the trustees’ agreement. This is what protects the remaindermen’s eventual inheritance — and it’s also the main practical restriction people find frustrating.

Quick Glossary

Life Interest Trust

Life Interest Trust Rule Updates

A few changes in force this year make this planning more, not less, worthwhile for the right estates:

1. Nil-rate bands are frozen until 2031

The standard nil-rate band stays at £325,000 and the residence nil-rate band at £175,000. As asset values rise and the thresholds don’t, more estates cross the line — a life interest trust can help ring-fence the family home and preserve both spouses’ allowances rather than letting everything land in one estate on second death.

2. Business and agricultural relief changed in 2026

100% relief now applies only to the first £2.5 million of combined qualifying business and agricultural property per person (transferable between spouses, so up to £5 million as a couple), with 50% relief above that. If business or farm assets are part of what you’re planning to put into trust, this changes the sums.

3. Pensions join the estate for IHT from 2027

Unused defined-contribution pensions will count toward your estate from next year, which is prompting many people to revisit their overall estate plan now rather than later — trusts included.

Life Interest Trust Advantages

– Protects the asset while providing for a survivor: The life tenant can use the home or income from the trust for life, while the capital is protected for the next generation — useful where there’s a blended family and you want to provide for a second spouse without disinheriting children from an earlier relationship.

– Preserves the residence nil-rate band: Structured correctly, a life interest trust holding the family home can help both spouses’ residence nil-rate bands be used, rather than the full property value sitting in the survivor’s estate and only one RNRB being available.

– Protects against a survivor’s future decisions: Because the life tenant can’t sell or give away the capital without the trustees’ consent, the eventual inheritance is protected from being spent, gifted away, or lost — including if the survivor later remarries or needs long-term care.

Life Interest Trust Disadvantages

– Restricted control: The life tenant cannot sell, mortgage, or give away the trust property without the trustees’ agreement — even if their own circumstances change.

– Cost and complexity: Setting up and administering a trust involves legal and accountancy fees, and ongoing trustee duties. It’s generally only worthwhile where there’s a meaningful estate or a family home involved — a solicitor or accountant can tell you where that threshold sits for your circumstances.

– No automatic distribution on the life tenant’s death: If the life tenant is a surviving spouse, the remaindermen don’t inherit until that spouse also dies — even where children from an earlier relationship were the intended eventual beneficiaries.

– Income tax on trust income: The life tenant is generally liable for income tax on income arising from the trust, which needs factoring into their personal finances, not treated as free money.

– Delayed access for beneficiaries: Remaindermen typically get nothing until the life tenant dies — which can create family tension, particularly with stepchildren or where beneficiaries have their own financial pressures in the meantime.

Example: How the Numbers Actually Play Out

Take a couple, David and Sarah, who jointly own a family home worth £600,000 plus £100,000 in savings — a £700,000 estate.

1. Without Any Trust Planning

  • On David’s death, everything passes to Sarah under spouse exemption (no IHT due at that point).
  • But Sarah’s estate now holds the full £700,000.
  • On her death, only her own nil-rate band (£325,000) and residence nil-rate band (£175,000) — £500,000 combined — are available, unless David’s unused allowances are formally claimed and transferred.
  • If that claim is missed, £200,000 is taxed at 40%, a £80,000 bill.

2. With a Life Interest Trust

  • David leaves his half-share of the home (£300,000) into a life interest trust for Sarah, rather than to her outright.
  • Sarah retains full use of the home for her lifetime.
  • On her death, David’s share passes to their children as remaindermen, using David’s own nil-rate band directly rather than relying on a transfer claim.
  • This doesn’t necessarily save more tax than correctly claiming transferable allowances would — but it removes the risk of the claim being missed or mishandled by an executor years later, and it protects David’s share for the children even if Sarah later remarries or needs to fund long-term care.

Which Structure Fits Your Situation?

Which structure fits your situation

Is a Life Interest Trust Right for You?

Some questions worth working through before deciding:

  • Do you have a blended family, or want to provide for a spouse while protecting children’s eventual inheritance?
  • Is the family home (or another significant asset) likely to be affected by the frozen nil-rate bands?
  • Do you hold business or agricultural assets that the April 2026 relief changes affect?
  • Are you comfortable with the ongoing cost and administration of a trust versus simpler options like a straightforward will?

Quick Checklist Before You Decide

Before your first conversation with an accountant or solicitor about a life interest trust, it’s worth having answers to:

What is the current value of the asset(s) you’re considering putting into trust?

Is this a blended family situation, or a straightforward estate?

Do you or your spouse hold business or agricultural assets affected by the April 2026 relief changes?

Has anyone claimed (or will need to claim) a transferable nil-rate band from a previous death in the family?

Who would you want as trustees, and are they willing and able to take this on?

Is there a will already in place, and does it reflect what you’re planning?

Frequently Asked Questions

WHO PAYS TAX ON A LIFE INTEREST TRUST?

The life tenant is generally liable for income tax on income they receive from the trust. Inheritance tax treatment depends on how and when the trust was set up — get this checked, as older trust structures can sometimes disqualify the residence nil-rate band.

CAN A LIFE INTEREST TRUST BE REVOKED?

This depends on how the trust was written. Some are set up as revocable during the settlor’s lifetime; many, once the settlor has died, are fixed and cannot be unwound by the life tenant alone. Check the trust deed rather than assuming either way.

HOW DO I TERMINATE A LIFE INTEREST TRUST?

Termination routes generally include the life tenant’s death (which triggers distribution to the remaindermen), all beneficiaries agreeing and signing a deed, or a court order in disputed cases. Legal advice is essential before attempting this.

HOW DO I CHOOSE TRUSTEES FOR A LIFE INTEREST TRUST?

Look for people who understand your wishes, have the time and capacity to manage the trust properly, and can be trusted to act in the beneficiaries’ interests — this can be family, friends, or a professional trustee such as an accountant or solicitor.

Conclusion

A life interest trust isn’t a tax trick — it’s a way of separating who can use an asset from who eventually owns it, which matters most for blended families and for protecting the family home under frozen nil-rate bands.

It comes with real costs and restrictions, so it’s worth weighing against simpler options before committing. Get the structure right, with the right trustees and a deed that matches your actual wishes, and it can do exactly what it’s meant to: provide for who you want, in the order you want, without leaving it to chance.

We offer a free, no-obligation first consultation to look at your estate, your family situation, and whether a life interest trust — or another structure — makes sense for you.

Claim Payment Protection Insurance

4 Steps To Claim Payment Protection Insurance Refund

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If you’ve ever taken out Payment Protection Insurance (PPI) on loans, credit cards, car finance, or even mortgages, you may still be eligible to claim back income tax on the compensation you received—especially if you haven’t checked your refund status in previous years.

PPI was designed to cover repayments on various types of credit if you were unable to make payments due to illness, unemployment, or other unforeseen circumstances. However, many were mis-sold PPI, leading to a wave of compensation payouts.

In this 2024 guide, we’ll walk you through how to claim back overpaid income tax on your PPI compensation, with the latest legal updates, tips for individuals and businesses, and answers to frequently asked questions.

What Is PPI Claim?

PPI (Payment Protection Insurance) was an insurance product that covered repayments on financial products like loans, overdrafts, mortgages, or car finance in case of illness, accidents, unemployment, or other life events. However, PPI policies were often mis-sold, which led to widespread claims and refunds.

If you received a PPI compensation payout, a portion of it might have been taxed, particularly the statutory interest. You may be entitled to claim some or all of this money back, depending on your tax situation.

The PPI Compensation and Tax Refund Process

Your PPI compensation generally consists of three parts:

  1. Refund of PPI premiums: The money you paid for the PPI policy itself.
  2. Statutory interest: An 8% annual interest is added to compensate for the time you were without your money.
  3. Refund of additional loan interest: Compensation for any extra interest you were charged due to the PPI policy.

HMRC automatically deducts 20% tax from the statutory interest portion of your PPI compensation. However, depending on your total income and savings, you might be able to claim some or all of this tax back.

Eligibility To Claim Tax Back On PPI

To determine if you can reclaim tax on your PPI compensation, review the following factors:

a) Personal Savings Allowance (PSA)
  • If you are a basic rate taxpayer with a total annual income (including your PPI payout) under £1,000 in interest, you might have overpaid tax and be eligible for a refund.
  • For higher-rate taxpayers, the PSA is £500. Additional rate taxpayers do not receive a PSA. It’s important to check your tax band and how much interest you’ve received.
b) Tax-Free Allowances
  • If your total income (including your PPI payout) falls within your personal allowance (£12,570 for the 2024 tax year), you may be due a tax refund.
c) Previous Year Adjustments
  • If you received a PPI payout in the last four years and haven’t claimed a refund, HMRC allows you to claim for overpaid tax going back up to four years from the current tax year. It’s worth checking if you can get money back for previous payments.

Steps To Claim Tax Back On Payment Protection Insurance

Step 1: Gather Documentation

Collect all relevant paperwork, such as your PPI payout statement, tax forms, and details about the statutory interest deducted. This includes documents from your bank, building society, or financial advisor. If your PPI complaint was handled by a third party, check their commission charges and whether they provided adequate records.

Step 2: Complete Form R40 or Self-Assessment

If you’re an employee or not self-employed, you’ll need to fill out the R40 form to reclaim overpaid tax. For self-employed individuals or business owners, include PPI compensation details in your Self-Assessment tax return. HMRC’s website provides an easy-to-follow online system for submitting these forms digitally in 2024.

Step 3: Submit to HMRC

Submit your completed R40 form online or through the Self-Assessment portal. Ensure your contact details are accurate, as HMRC may need to follow up for additional information. If your documentation is in order, HMRC will process the claim and send your refund directly to your bank account.

Step 4: Wait for a Response

HMRC typically takes a few weeks to process tax refund claims. Keep an eye on your email and post for any correspondence. In some cases, you might receive interest on the refund, though this additional interest will also be taxable.

Payment Protection

Tips To Claim PPI Repayment

For Small Business Owners:

  • Expenses and Deductions: If your business had PPI on a loan or credit card, that cost may have been deductible as a business expense. When receiving a refund, adjust your taxable income for the relevant tax year. Consult with a tax advisor to ensure accuracy.
  • Digital Record-Keeping: With HMRC’s Making Tax Digital (MTD) requirements in full effect for 2024, use accounting software to track your PPI claims and tax refunds. This will help you remain compliant and streamline your tax reporting.

For Self-Employed Individuals:

  • Self-Assessment Adjustments: Include any statutory interest from your PPI compensation in your Self-Assessment tax return. If you’ve overpaid, submit a claim for the refund using either the R40 form or by adjusting your tax return.
  • Business Loans & PPI: If you had PPI on a business loan, your refund may affect your taxable profits. Ensure your business accounts accurately reflect this change.

General Advice for Individuals:

  • Be Mindful of Tax Bands: If your PPI compensation pushed you into a higher tax bracket, your overall tax liability could be affected. Review how this impacts your allowances and whether you might be liable for additional taxes.
  • Check for Missed Claims: Don’t forget—you can still claim back taxes for previous years’ PPI payouts up to four years after the tax year in which the payout occurred. In 2024, this means you can claim for payouts from 2019–2020 onward.

PPI Tax Refund Claims Cover

A PPI tax refund specifically reclaims the 20% tax deducted from the statutory interest portion of your compensation. This is where the majority of your refund will come from. Here’s what you need to know:

  • Statutory Interest: This compensates you for being without your money. HMRC automatically deducts 20%, but depending on your PSA, you may be eligible for a tax refund.
  • Interest on Refunds: If HMRC adds interest to your tax refund, this too is taxable and should be included in your income for the relevant tax year.

What Is PPI Policy?

A Payment Protection Insurance (PPI) policy was designed to cover repayments on loans, credit cards, mortgages, or other forms of credit if you were unable to work due to illness, accident, or unemployment. It was sold widely in the UK, often without customers being fully aware of what they were purchasing, leading to many cases of mis-selling.

Key features of a PPI policy typically include:

  • Coverage Scope: PPI was intended to cover monthly payments for a set period, usually 12 to 24 months.
  • Eligibility Criteria: Many policies had stringent conditions, meaning claims could be rejected if you were self-employed, had pre-existing medical conditions, or were of a certain age.
  • Cost: The premiums for PPI were often high and added to the overall cost of the loan or credit product.

If you believe you have mis-sold a PPI policy, you may have already pursued a refund through the financial ombudsman service. However, understanding the details of your policy can help in ensuring that you’ve claimed everything you’re entitled to, including any tax back on compensation.

PPI Payouts: What Do They Include?

When you successfully claimed compensation for a mis-sold PPI policy, the payout typically included three components:

  1. Refund of PPI Premiums: This is the amount you paid for the PPI policy itself.
  2. Refund of Associated Interest: This covers any additional interest you were charged on your credit due to the PPI policy.
  3. Statutory Interest: This is an additional 8% interest added by the lender to compensate for being deprived of your money. This portion is taxable, and it’s from this part of the payout that HMRC usually deducts 20% tax automatically.

It’s crucial to understand that while the PPI premiums and associated interest are refunded without tax deductions, the statutory interest is taxed. Therefore, checking if you’re eligible to claim some of this tax back is essential, especially if your total income for the year, including the payout, remained below certain thresholds.

Claim Payment Protection Insurance

PPI Deadline: Can You Still Claim?

The final deadline to submit PPI claims was 29th August 2019. This deadline was set by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) as the final date for customers to complain about the mis-selling of PPI.

However, there are a few scenarios where you may still be able to claim:

  1. Exceptional Circumstances: If you were unable to submit a claim before the deadline due to exceptional circumstances (such as severe illness or other unavoidable reasons), some financial institutions may still consider your claim. This is rare and often requires substantial proof.

  2. Claiming Tax Back on PPI Payouts: Even if you missed the deadline to claim PPI itself, you can still claim tax back on the statutory interest part of a PPI payout you received before the deadline. You can claim for up to four years after the end of the tax year in which the interest was paid.

  3. PPI Claims from a Different Country: If you lived abroad or had a foreign address at the time of the deadline, and did not receive adequate information about the PPI claims deadline, you may be able to submit a claim even after the deadline. Consult with a legal advisor or financial expert specializing in international claims for more guidance.

Why PPI Deadline Matters?

The PPI deadline marked the closure of a significant chapter in UK financial services. Before this deadline, millions of people submitted claims, resulting in billions of pounds being paid out in compensation. If you’ve received a PPI payout, it’s essential to ensure you’ve reclaimed any overpaid tax on the statutory interest. Missing out on this could mean leaving money on the table that’s rightfully yours.

Action steps if you missed the PPI deadline:

  • Check for Existing PPI Payouts: If you received a payout before the deadline and haven’t checked if you can claim back the tax, do so now. Use the R40 form or amend your Self-Assessment tax return.
  • Seek Professional Advice: If you believe you have valid reasons for missing the deadline, consult with a financial advisor who can assess your case and potentially guide you in submitting a late claim.

Living Overseas

If you are a UK taxpayer living abroad, you can still claim tax back on PPI payouts. The process is similar, but you may need to provide additional documentation to confirm your tax residency status.

Frequently Asked Questions

=> CAN I STILL CLAIM PPI IN 2025?

No, the final deadline to file a PPI complaint was in 2019. However, you can still claim tax refunds on statutory interest for payouts received before that deadline.

=> HOW DO I CLAIM TAX BACK ON PPI REFUNDS?

Gather your payout documents, fill out Form R40 or adjust your Self-Assessment tax return, submit it to HMRC, and await a response. It’s possible to get money back even if your payout was years ago.

=> DOES CLAIMING PPI AFFECT MY CREDIT RATING?

No, claiming PPI or a tax refund does not affect your credit rating. It is unrelated to your credit report or creditworthiness.

=> CAN I CLAIM TAX ON PPI PAID ON A PENSION OR CAR FINANCE?

Yes, PPI refunds can apply to pensions, car finance agreements, or other loans if you were mis-sold a PPI policy. Make sure to include statutory interest in your tax refund claim.

=> CAN I CLAIM PPI TAX REFUNDS IF I HAD PPI ON AN OVERDRAFT?

Yes, if you were mis-sold PPI on an overdraft and received compensation, you may be eligible to claim back the tax deducted from the statutory interest. Simply gather your documents and follow the steps to claim any overpaid tax from HMRC.

Conclusion

Claiming back tax on PPI payouts can be a straightforward process if you understand the rules and gather the necessary documentation. With the Personal Savings Allowance and varying tax bands, it’s worth checking whether you’re due a refund, especially if your income fluctuated in the year you received the payout.

For personalized advice, consult with a tax specialist or accountant who can guide you through the process and help maximize your claim. If you need further assistance, feel free to contact our experts at MH Services for a comprehensive review of your circumstances and potential refund.

paye reference number

PAYE Reference Number vs UTR | Easy UK Tax System Guide

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Navigating the UK tax system can feel overwhelming, especially when juggling multiple terms and identifiers. Among the most common sources of confusion are the PAYE Reference Number and the Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR).

While both are crucial, they serve entirely different purposes and apply to different scenarios. This guide breaks down what each identifier means, its roles, and how it impacts individuals and businesses in the UK, including VAT registration numbers.

What Is a PAYE Reference Number?

A PAYE (Pay As You Earn) Reference Number is a unique code issued to employers by HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC). It’s essential for managing payroll and ensuring that employees’ tax and National Insurance contributions are correctly deducted and reported on their payslip.

Who Needs a PAYE Tax Reference Number?

  • Employers: If you’re running a business and employing staff, you’ll need a PAYE Reference Number to register as an employer with HMRC.
  • Employees: While employees don’t need to apply for this number, it’s useful to understand it since it appears on payslips and tax documents.

Format of a PAYE Reference Number

A PAYE Reference Number typically consists of three parts:

  1. Tax Office Number: A three-digit code identifying your HMRC office.
  2. Employer Reference: A unique identifier specific to your business.
  3. Suffix: In some cases, there might be additional characters for sub-divisions, such as letters and numbers.

eg. PAYE Reference Number might look like this, a combination of letters and numbers: 123/AB45678

Where to Find Your PAYE Reference Number?

  • Employer’s welcome pack from HMRC after registration
  • Correspondence from HMRC, such as tax notifications
  • Payslips and P60 forms for employees

What Is a Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR)?

A UTR is a 10-digit number assigned to individuals and businesses when they register for self-assessment with HMRC. It’s a key identifier for those who need to report income, profits, and expenses outside the PAYE system.

Who Needs a UTR Number?

  • Self-employed individuals: Freelancers, sole traders, and contractors.
  • Company directors: Required for filing personal tax returns.
  • Landlords: Those earning rental income above the annual allowance.
  • Partnerships: Each partner and the partnership it self will have separate UTRs.

Format of a UTR

A UTR is always a 10-digit number, sometimes followed by a letter, like an identification number for tax purposes: 1234567890K

Where to Find Your UTR

  • HMRC correspondence, such as the registration confirmation letter
  • Your online personal tax account with HMRC.
  • Previous self-assessment tax returns

utr reference

PAYE vs UTR Key Differences

Although both numbers are issued by HMRC, their roles and applications differ significantly. 

PAYE Reference Number

  • Purpose: Payroll management and employee tax reporting
  • Who uses it: Employers and HMRC must ensure that all tax records are accurate and up to date.
  • Format: Combination of digits and letters
  • Where to find: HMRC employer documents

Unique Tax Reference Number

  • Purpose: Self-assessment and income tax filing
  • Who uses it: Individuals and businesses
  • Format: 10-digit number
  • Where to find: HMRC self-assessment documents

Importance of Employer PAYE Reference Numbers

For employers, the PAYE Reference Number is essential to:

  • Submit payroll information to HMRC
  • Ensure employees’ tax deductions are accurate
  • Stay compliant with UK tax laws and avoid penalties

Importance of UTR Numbers

For individuals and businesses, the UTR ensures:

  • Accurate tax returns and reporting
  • Easy identification in HMRC’s systems is facilitated by having a UTR and an employer reference number
  • Avoidance of fines for late or incomplete filings

Both identifiers play vital roles in maintaining a smooth tax process, so it’s crucial to use them correctly.

How to Register for a PAYE Reference Number?

  1. Set up as an employer: Visit the HMRC website and register as an employer. You’ll need details about your business, such as its trading name and address.
  2. Receive your reference: HMRC will issue your PAYE Reference Number within five working days, which is a different reference from your national insurance number.
  3. Start payroll: Use the number to report employee earnings and deductions.

How to Register for a UTR Reference Number?

  1. Register for self-assessment: Visit HMRC’s self-assessment page and complete the online form.
  2. Provide accurate details: Include your name, address, date of birth, and business information if applicable.
  3. Wait for confirmation: HMRC will send your UTR by post within 10 working days.

self assessment tax return tips

Tips for Managing Your PAYE Reference and UTR

  1. Keep your details secure: Store your PAYE Reference and UTR in a safe place to avoid unauthorized access.
  2. Update HMRC with changes: Notify HMRC immediately if there are changes to your business or personal details.
  3. Use reliable software: Opt for HMRC-approved payroll and accounting software to ensure compliance and accuracy.
  4. Set reminders for deadlines: Missing deadlines for payroll submissions or self-assessment returns can result in penalties, affecting your tax account.
  5. Seek professional advice: If you’re unsure about tax obligations, consult a qualified accountant or tax advisor.

Common Mistakes of PAYE Reference Numbers

  • Using the wrong reference: Always double-check the reference you’re using in payroll submissions.
  • Delays in registration: Register as an employer as soon as you hire staff to avoid fines.

Common Mistakes fo Unique Tax Reference

  • Misplacing the UTR: Losing your UTR can delay tax filings. Keep a digital and physical copy.
  • Failing to register on time: Register for self-assessment well before the deadline to avoid last-minute stress.

PAYE Reference Number Example

  1. Imagine you’ve started a small business and hired your first employee.
  2. To pay them and report taxes, you’ll need a PAYE Reference Number.
  3. Without it, HMRC won’t recognize your payroll submissions, leading to potential penalties.

UTR Number Example

  1. You’re a freelance graphic designer earning income from multiple clients.
  2. To report your earnings, and expenses, and pay the correct amount of tax, you’ll need a UTR for self-assessment.

Company Tax Office Reference Number Questionnarie

DO I HAVE A UTR IF I AM ON PAYE?

No, you typically do not have a UTR if you are on PAYE (Pay As You Earn) unless you are also registered for self-assessment. A UTR is only issued to individuals or entities that need to file self-assessment tax returns, such as self-employed individuals, landlords, or company directors who may also need to file a company tax return.

IS PAYE NUMBER THE SAME AS TAX CODE?

No, a PAYE Reference Number is different from a tax code, and both serve distinct purposes in tax affairs, including tax refunds and managing tax records.

  • PAYE Reference Number: Identifies the employer’s payroll scheme with HMRC.
  • Tax Code: Determines the amount of tax-free income an employee is entitled to before taxes are deducted. For example, a common tax code is 1257L.
DOES PAYE COUNT AS SELF-EMPLOYED?

No, PAYE does not count as self-employed. PAYE is a system used by employers to deduct income tax and National Insurance contributions from employees’ wages. Self-employed individuals are responsible for managing their own tax and National Insurance through self-assessment.

DO I HAVE AN UTR NUMBER IF I’M EMPLOYED?

If you are only employed and paid through the PAYE system, you will not have a UTR. A UTR is issued for individuals or businesses that file self-assessment tax returns. However, if you have additional income that requires self-assessment, you would need to register for one.

DO I NEED TO DO A TAX RETURN IF I AM ON PAYE?

Not necessarily. If you are employed and your income is fully taxed through PAYE, you generally do not need to file a tax return. However, you might need to file one if:

  • You have additional untaxed income (e.g., rental income, freelance work).
  • You earn over £100,000 annually.
  • You claim certain tax reliefs or allowances.
  • HMRC specifically requests a tax return.
DOES EVERYONE HAVE AN UTR IN THE UK?

No, not everyone in the UK has a UTR. A UTR is only issued to individuals or businesses registered for self-assessment with HMRC. If you are employed under PAYE and have no other tax obligations, you will not have or need a UTR, and your national insurance number will suffice.

Conclusion

Understanding the differences between PAYE Reference Numbers and UTRs is essential for navigating the UK tax system. While the PAYE Reference Number is vital for employers managing payroll, the UTR is crucial for individuals and businesses filing self-assessment tax returns.

By keeping these numbers secure, staying compliant, and seeking professional advice when needed, you can simplify your tax responsibilities and avoid unnecessary complications.

If you’re ever unsure, reach out to HMRC or consult a trusted tax professional. Staying informed is the first step towards stress-free tax management, especially regarding your tax affairs.

 

Company Tax Allowances

Understanding Company Tax Allowances And Tax Rates

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Corporation Tax Reliefs And Allowances

In the UK, company tax and allowances are complex and ever-changing. It can be difficult to keep up with all the changes, so we’ve put together this brief to help you understand how they work. In this brief, we’ll cover the basics of business tax and allowances, as well as how to stay compliant with the latest changes.

What is Tax?

Tax is a compulsory payment to a government, typically levied on income, profits, or wealth. Taxes are used to fund public services and amenities, such as roads, schools, and hospitals. Tax systems can be progressive, proportional, or regressive.

Company Taxes Rates

The corporation tax rates are determined by the company’s profits:

1. Main Rate
  • Rate: 25%
  • Applies to: Companies with taxable profits over £250,000
  • Description: This is the standard rate of corporation tax for larger companies and reflects the increase from the previous flat rate of 19%
2. Small Profits Rate
  • Rate: 19%
  • Applies to: Companies with taxable profits up to £50,000
  • Description: This lower rate is intended to support smaller businesses by reducing their tax burden
3. Marginal Relief
  • Rate: Effective rate varies between 19% and 25%
  • Applies to: Companies with profits between £50,001 and £250,000
  • Description: Marginal relief provides a gradual increase in the tax rate from 19% to 25% for companies whose profits fall between these thresholds

Other Tax Rates In The UK

Understanding the various tax rates that might affect your business is crucial. Here’s a breakdown of some of the main taxes:

a) Income Tax

This is a tax levied on the income of individuals and some types of business profits.

  • Basic Rate: 20% on income up to £37,700
  • Higher Rate: 40% on income between £37,701 and £125,140
  • Additional Rate: 45% on income over £125,140

b) Capital Gains Tax

This tax applies to the profit from selling certain assets. The rates depend on the taxpayer’s income band:

  • Basic Rate Taxpayers: 10% (18% for residential property)
  • Higher/Additional Rate Taxpayers: 20% (28% for residential property)

c) Dividend Tax

Dividend tax rates vary based on the income band of the recipient:

  • Basic Rate: 8.75% for dividends falling within the basic income tax band
  • Higher Rate: 33.75% for dividends within the higher income tax band
  • Additional Rate: 39.35% for dividends within the additional income tax band

Value Added Tax (VAT)

While not directly related to corporation tax, businesses should also consider VAT, which affects many companies, particularly limited companies:

  • Standard Rate: 20% on most goods and services
  • Reduced Rate: 5% on certain goods and services, such as children’s car seats and home energy
  • Zero Rate: 0% on specific items like most food and children’s clothes

Tax reliefCorporation Tax Allowances

These are deductions that businesses can claim on their taxable profits to reduce their tax liability. These allowances are designed to encourage investment, research and development, and other business activities that contribute to economic growth and job creation.

1. Annual Investment Allowance (AIA)

The Annual Investment Allowance allows businesses to deduct the full cost of qualifying plant and machinery from their profits before tax.

=> Current Limit: The AIA limit is set at £1,000,000 per year (as of April 2024). This generous allowance encourages businesses to invest in assets that contribute to their growth.

=> Qualifying Expenditures:

  • Plant and Machinery: Includes office equipment, machinery, commercial vehicles (e.g., vans and lorries), and certain fixtures like kitchen fittings
  • Exclusions: Cars, buildings, land, and items used for leasing are typically excluded

2. Capital Allowances

Capital allowances allow businesses to write off the cost of certain capital assets against taxable income.

=> Main Pool: Assets that do not qualify for the special rate pool are typically included here, with an 18% writing-down allowance.

=> Special Rate Pool: Includes assets such as long-life assets, integral features of buildings (e.g., lifts, heating systems), and thermal insulation. The writing down allowance is 6%.

=> First-Year Allowance (FYA):

  • Offers 100% tax relief on qualifying investments in energy-saving technologies and water conservation
  • Enhanced Capital Allowances (ECAs): Promote environmental sustainability by providing tax relief for energy-efficient equipment

=> Structures and Buildings Allowance (SBA):

  • Applies to new commercial structures and buildings. The annual deduction is 3% of qualifying costs

3. Research and Development (R&D) Tax Relief

=> Description: R&D tax relief supports companies that work on innovative projects in science and technology.

=> Eligibility: Projects must aim to make an advance in science or technology and involve overcoming uncertainty.

=> Benefits:

  • SMEs: Can deduct an additional 86% of their qualifying R&D costs, leading to a total deduction of 186%
  • Large Companies: Can claim a Research and Development Expenditure Credit (RDEC) at 20% of qualifying R&D costs, with a net benefit of 16%

4. Patent Box Regime

=> Description: Encourages companies to commercialize patented inventions and retain their IP in the UK.

=> Benefit: A lower Corporation Tax rate of 10% on profits earned from patented inventions and certain other IP rights.

=> Eligibility: Companies must own or exclusively license the patents and actively participate in their development.

5. Super Deduction

=> Description: A temporary allowance was introduced to stimulate business investment post-COVID.

=> Benefit: Offers a 130% first-year deduction on qualifying plant and machinery investments, effectively reducing taxable profits by more than the cost of the asset.

=> Duration: Available for expenditures incurred between April 1, 2021, and March 31, 2024.

6. Employment Allowance

=> Description: Reduces the National Insurance contributions (NICs) liability for eligible employers.

=> Benefit: Up to £5,000 off the employer’s NICs bill per year.

=> Eligibility: Most businesses and charities, with some exceptions (e.g., if a director is the only employee).

7. Creative Industry Tax Reliefs

=> Description: Supports companies in the creative industries, such as film, television, video games, animation, and museums.

=> Benefits:

  • Film Tax Relief: Offers a payable tax credit of 25% on UK-qualifying core expenditure
  • Video Games Tax Relief: Provides relief on 80% of the core expenditure
  • Theatre Tax Relief: Allows companies to claim a deduction of up to 80% of qualifying production costs

8. Business Rates Relief

=> Description: Reductions in business rates for qualifying properties and industries.

=> Types:

  • Small Business Rate Relief: For businesses with a rateable value of less than £15,000
  • Retail Discount: Temporary relief for shops, restaurants, and other retail properties

9. Loss Relief

=> Description: Businesses can use trading losses to reduce tax liabilities.

=> Benefits:

  • Carry Back: Offset losses against profits from previous years, leading to tax refunds
  • Carry Forward: Use losses against future profits
  • Group Relief: Transfer losses to other group companies to offset their profits

10. Property Allowance

=> Description: Simplifies the tax calculation for individuals earning income from property.

=> Benefit: An allowance of £1,000 for property income, allowing individuals to deduct this amount or actual expenses (if greater).

11. Apprenticeship Levy Allowance

=> Description: Supports employers in funding apprenticeship training.

=> Benefit: Employers can reduce their apprenticeship levy payments by up to £15,000.

12. De Minimis State Aid

=> Description: Various tax reliefs that fall under EU state aid rules.

=> Examples:

business expenses

Allowable Expenses for Corporation Tax

Businesses can deduct certain expenses from their taxable profits, reducing the amount of Corporation Tax they owe.

  • Rent or Lease Payments: For business premises
  • Salaries and Wages: Paid to employees
  • Cost of Goods Sold: Including raw materials and inventory
  • Business Travel: Including transport and accommodation costs
  • Marketing and Advertising Expenses
  • Professional Fees: Such as accounting or legal fees
  • Depreciation on Business Assets: Though handled differently for tax purposes

The type of business you operate can influence which expenses are tax-deductible. Consulting an accountant can help clarify allowable business expenses. For instance, retail businesses can deduct the cost of goods sold, while service-oriented businesses can focus on wage-related expenses.

Register For VAT

If you are starting a business as a corporation, it is essential to register for Corporation Tax with HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC).

  1. Incorporate Your Company: Register your company with Companies House
  2. Register for Corporation Tax: Use the HMRC online service. You’ll need your company’s Unique Taxpayer Reference (UTR)
  3. Provide Necessary Information: Include details such as your company name, address, and the date you started your business

Registration is typically required within three months of starting to do business.

Filing Company Tax Return

Filing a company tax return is a crucial responsibility for business owners.

  1. Gather Required Documents: Have your financial statements, invoices, and receipts ready
  2. Stay Updated: Keep informed about the latest tax changes and regulations
  3. Seek Professional Advice: Consider consulting a tax advisor for complex tax matters
  4. File on Time: Ensure your tax return is submitted by the deadline, typically 12 months after the end of the accounting period

Paying Corporation Tax Bill

After filing your tax return, you’ll need to pay any Corporation Tax owed.

  • Payment Deadline: Nine months and one day after the end of your company’s accounting period
  • Online Payment: Use HMRC’s online services for quick and secure payments
  • Extensions: Contact HMRC if you need more time or if you have issues making a payment

Common Tax Mistakes Made by Businesses

Avoiding common tax mistakes can save your business time and money, especially regarding corporation tax reliefs and allowances.

Here are some to watch out for:

  • Late Filing: Missing tax return deadlines can result in penalties
  • Incomplete Returns: Ensure accuracy and completeness in your tax return
  • Not Claiming Allowances: Make full use of available tax reliefs
  • Outdated Tax Knowledge: Stay informed about changes in tax legislation
  • Overpaying Taxes: Double-check calculations and consult with a tax professional

Frequently Asked Questions

=> DO YOU PAY CORPORATION TAX ON SALARY?

No, in the UK, you do not pay Corporation Tax on salary. Corporation Tax is levied on a company’s profits, which can include trading profits, investment profits, and capital gains, but not on salaries. 

=> WHAT IS THE TAX ALLOWANCE FOR A LIMITED COMPANY?

In the UK, limited companies don’t receive a personal tax allowance like individuals do. Instead, they are subject to Corporation Tax on their profits.

– A main rate of 25% for companies with profits over £250,000.
– A lower rate, often referred to as the “small profits rate,” of 19% for companies with profits up to £50,000.
– For companies with profits between £50,000 and £250,000, a tapering relief is applied, which means the effective tax rate will gradually increase from 19% to 25%.

=> HOW DO I AVOID 25% CORPORATION TAX?

– Utilise Available Allowances and Reliefs

– Pension Contributions

– Capital Allowances

– Income Shifting

– Deferral of Income

– Claim Goodwill

– Charitable Donations

Conclusion

Company tax and allowance in the UK are complex, ever-changing, and can be difficult to keep up with. The tax laws governing company tax have changed significantly since 2007 when new legislation was introduced.

As a result of these changes personal, pensions or companies need to stay aware of their obligations if they want to avoid hefty fines or penalties from HMRC (Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs).

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